The General Stud Book

The General Stud Book is a breed registry for horses in Great Britain and Ireland. It documents the breeding of Thoroughbreds and related foundation bloodstock, such as oriental horses (which modern DNA studies have shown are erroneously described as Arabian. Today, Weatherby's publishes it every four years.

John Cheny of Arundel announced in 1726 his intention to publish a list of all races annually for seven years. The first volume appeared in 1727 with the title "An Historical list of all Horse-Matches Run, and of all Plates and Prizes Run for in England (of the value of Ten Pounds or upwards)." 

In his preface, he says he 'travelled the Kingdom over, contracting a correspondence in every part wit persons who, at the very time of the sport, are to take accounts for me where I do not appear.' He included in his books a large number of pedigrees directly to identify individual horses competing in races. In 1739, the King's Master of the Horse, Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, commanded him to publish revised rules for the running of King's Plates. In 1741, he conceived a plan to take the pedigrees out of his Calendars and put them in a separate stud book, but he had not done so by the time he died in 1750.

Reginald Heber, in his Racing Calendar for 1756, explored the idea of a stud book and even created a template to guide its compilation.

Despite the obvious merits of this suggestion, no further progress was made until 1786, when turf historian William Pick published his 'Authentic Historical Racing Calendar,' which recorded races run in Yorkshire from 1709 to 1785 and included pedigrees and performances for the leading stallions.

James Weatherby had served the Jockey Club as 'Keeper of the Match-book at Newmarket' since 1770 and was the proprietor of the only racing calendar then in publication. In 1791, he promoted the publication of The General Stud Book, a definitive record of the pedigrees of approximately 400 horses, which were seen as the foundation for all thoroughbred stock worldwide.

Weatherby published 'Introduction to a General Stud Book' in the same year. For pre-1750 pedigrees, he relied heavily on publications by Cheny, Heber, and Pick, old sales catalogues, and his own private enquiries.

The 'Introduction to a General Stud Book' was full of errors and far from complete, but it was popular and led, in 1793, to the first volume of the General Stud Book, which had many more pedigrees and was more accurate. Volume one was revised many times, most notably in 1803, 1808, 1827, 1859, and 1891.

Since then, the business James Weatherby and his brother created has owned and maintained the General Stud Book.

Racing Women

In 1748, the Bath Journal of August 8:

‘Advertisement, the following ASSES were entered to run on the Town-Common Thursday last; the Names they were enter’d by were Merry Pintle, Spanking, Roger, Morecock, Turpin, Mouse, Perrdy, Spider, Picksey, Pug, Jan Parsons, Roger &c. They were rode by Boys, and the Plate was won by Jackey Skares’ Ass Merry Pintle - There were Six Thousand Persons on the course, and some of Distinction who came many miles to see the Sport - a Smock and Hat were run for at the same Time by Girls.’

There are a couple of things of interest here; firstly, how popular ass racing was and how well-known many of the asses were. Second, it is an early Bath reference to the popular Georgian sport of smock racing. It also suggests something about contemporary attitudes toward working-class women: the Asses were the main attraction and were named.

Another advert for a similar event featuring asses and girls provides further information. The Smock race consisted of three heats; the winner got the smock, the second got the hat, and the third got half a crown, which gives some idea of the clothing's considerable value. Women who wished to compete were required to report to the Common House by 3 p.m. on the day. The asses won a guinea for first, 5 shillings for second and half a crown for third. 

Smocks, or shifts, were the basic, all-purpose undergarments for Georgian women, worn beneath stays and gowns during the day and often in bed at night. The smocks offered as prizes were usually made of high-quality linen and often trimmed with lace and ribbons. People often displayed the prize smock hanging from a nearby flagpole or tree branch. 

Rowlandson 1811

Smock races were popular entertainment throughout the Georgian period partly because they met the almost insatiable demand for gambling opportunities, but also, and perhaps primarily, because they let male spectators see young women in loose clothing, which often became disarranged and flushed from physical exertion. The above Rowlandson print amply illustrates this.

From all the reports and the many prints, competition among the often desperately poor women was fierce. No actual rules seem to have existed, and the women freely tripped and barged their rivals, often knocking them into the dust. The more violent the race became, the more audiences roared their approval and the more acclaim the eventual victor received.

Smock races took place throughout Bath in the eighteenth century, including at the Parades and Lansdown, and were a feature of many fairs.

Bath races in 1728

According to Cheny's "Historical List of all horse-matches run etc", for 1728, racing took place on the 25th of September.

On the 25th, four horses competed for a 50 guinea purse. The race was only open to horses who had never won a King's Plate. King's plates were prizes given by the Monarch and run for under strict rules designed to encourage breeding bigger, stronger animals with real stamina. All the horses were carrying 12 stone in weight.

The race was run over 3 heats, probably a mile each, with all heats being won by the Earl of Essex's horse Smiling Ball.

William Capell, 3rd Earl of Essex, KG PC, was a courtier and diplomat.

The next racing at Bath took place on the 1st of October for a purse of 20 guineas with horses carrying 11 stone. The first heat was won by Mr. Longton's grey horse, but in the second, he was bested by Mr. Kerby's black horse, Collier, but took the third heat to win the purse.

The next day, they raced Galloway ponies handicapped on height over the same course for a 10 guinea purse. The race was won by Mr. Practor's grey mare, Northern Nancy.

Cockfighting in Georgian Bath

Official city cockfights, as opposed to the many casual contests between individual owners, ran over 3 or 4 days and started with everybody showing the cocks they intended to use in the cockpit. Each cock would be carefully assessed to ensure that its owner was not cheating in the way he had prepared his bird. Fines for cocks judged to be fraudulent were levied at around 3 shillings and 4 pence a bird, and birds were banned from fighting for the rest of the year.

Cocks would then have their feathers trimmed in accordance with the rules agreed upon with other owners. Anyone breaching the terms of this agreement would be fined around 10 shillings. Birds were matched by weight and wore metal spurs, which inflicted terrible injuries.

Cockfights were controlled by an official known as the "Master of the Match", whose decisions were final.

Sometimes, matched cocks refused to fight and had to be withdrawn after 10 attempts to get them to do so.

The official matches received national publicity by being recorded in the annual racing calendars and in the London press.

Cockfighting prior to the eighteenth century had taken place in a purpose-built building in Timber Green on the edge of what is now Saw Close. By 1725, however, when Gloucester met Somerset, the cockpit had fallen out of use, and the match took place at the White Lion inn. The next county clash, this time between Gloucester and Dorset in 1729, took place at the Lamb, which provided the venue for most major meetings.

Also, in 1729 at the beginning of March Mr Cains and Mr Figg fought a match, 31 cocks a side for 2 Guineas for each match and 20 for the overall result known as the "main". The match was won by 2 battles, with birds weighing between 3lb  8 oz and 4lb 8oz. The winner would, therefore, have received 24 guineas, but this would have been a trivial amount in comparison to the side bets made around the pit.

The next year April 1730, saw a match between Mr Cain, who showed 31 Cocks, against Mr Johnson at 4 Guineas and 40. In the end, after the birds were inspected and some were rejected, the match comprised 22 Battles, 12 of which were won by Mr Cain and 10 by Mr Johnson. This was a return match for one that had been fought in Oxford the previous year.

The following year in March, a team of bird owners from the  City of Bath fought a team from the  City of Bristol, showing 41 cocks a side for 6 Guineas and 100 for the main, the match was won by Bath by 6 or 7 Battles.

In 1735 In the "City of Bath, on the first Tuesday in May Mr Segar fought Mr Ball showing as they had at a previous match at Meere in March, 41 cocks a side for 6 guineas and 100, in this match, there were 24 battles 16 of which were won by Mr Segar and 8 by Mr Ball"

In May 1744, Champney Esq. fought the gentlemen of Bristol and Wells, showing forty-one cocks on each side, for ten Guineas a battle and a hundred the main. The main consisted of twenty-eight battles, each side winning fourteen, which rendered it a draw.

In August 1761, an advert appeared in the chronicle "A COCK-MATCH TO be Fought at Mr Charles Smith's, at the Sign of the Coach, in the Parish of Twerton, in the County of Somerset, (one Mile from Bath) between the Gentlemen of Somerset-shire and the Gentlemen of Gloucestershire flew and weigh 31 Cocks each side in the Main, for Four Guineas a Battle, and Twenty Guineas the odd Battle; and 15 Cocks for Bye-Battles.— To weigh the 10th Day of August, and fight the three following Days."

In 1771, the Bath Chronicle, after decrying petty horse races and boxing matches, observed that "Petty cock-matches are no less than the others the source of vice, profaneness, and immorality" 

1772 The Rev. James Woodforde recorded that his "Brother John set forth this morning for 

Bath to a Cock Match." And later, "Brother John returned this evening and supped etc. at Parsonage; he says that he has won fifty Pounds at Bath."

As the century progressed, cockfighting fell out of fashion, and major matches in the city became less frequent. However, as late as 1798, Somerset and Wiltshire breeders fought a two-day match near Grosvenor Gardens.

Prizefighters and prizefighting in Georgian Bath

This is an article about professional prizefighters and prizefighting. Throughout this period, men and women fought with and without weapons in the streets and taverns of Bath to provide entertainment and gambling opportunities for their neighbours and visitors to the City, but theirs is a story for another time.

Prizefighting was still admissible, even condoned, at Bath during the Coronation festivities of 1728, but was banned from the strict confines of the City sometime around 1755. However, it continued to flourish in the countryside around Bath. [1] Reporting on a backsword tournament in 1760, the Bath Journal tells us that the "Heroes of the Fist likewise made no small part of each Day's Diversion".

In 1762, George Meggs, the Bristol-born champion of England, fought "a pitched battle for a considerable sum" with one Millsom, a baker of Bath at Calne in Wiltshire, when, after a fierce battle lasting 40 minutes, the Bath boxer was declared the winner. Meggs later challenged Millsom to a rematch, which he also lost.

By 1765, Millsom was reported as fighting and beating another noted west country boxer named Parfitt Meggs on Lansdown. The Bath Chronicle of 1771 reported with approval the action taken by courts in Northumberland to control petty horse race meetings places of "drunkenness, gambling, profane turfing and swearing, quarrelling and fighting, and other breaches of the peace and good behaviour" and which brought "together the greatest number cf the lower classes of the people, and robbing the public of their labour." It noted that "Similar evils arise to the community from the brutal practice of boxing matches, between a banditti of human monsters. Not withstanding these abominable exercises are a disgrace to a civilised nation, and even to humanity, yet, in several parts, and not far from the most polite City of Bath, they are frequently exhibited, not to say authorised.— ls not the suppression of these infamous premeditated bruiting matches as necessary and political as those of the gladiators." From approximately 1780 to 1820, boxing was arguably the most popular spectator sport in England. For major matches, it was not unusual for crowds to gather, numbering tens of thousands. This was even though the sport was illegal for much of this period.

Martin the Bath butcher who had a considerable provincial reputation came to London in 1786 to fight the boxer Richard Humphrey's "the Gentleman" who took an astonishing 105 minutes to beat him.

In the following year, Daniel Mendoza, destined to become one of the leading figures of Georgian boxing, fought Martin the Bath Butcher at Barnet, which he won in 20 minutes, gaining a purse of 25 guineas and effectively ending Martin's London career. The Bath baker George Ring was defeated in a 37-minute fight at the Hay Field, Bloomsbury, in 1788, which seems to have ended what, up to that point, had been a promising entry into the London boxing scene.

In 1789, the newspapers reported a complaint about riotous boxing contests regularly distracting the working people of Bath from attending to their employment on Mondays.

Martin the Bath Butcher, who had for some time been a resident of Oxford, was reported by the Bath papers in 1791 to have signed a contract to fight John Blythe the Coventry Weaver on a stage of 20 feet in diameter for a purse of 20 guineas a side and two-thirds of the gate. The result was to be determined by a boxer falling from exhaustion. 

In October, an advert appeared in the 1793 Bath Chronicle saying that "several gentlemen of this city" had raised a subscription to bring professional boxers to the Tennis Court to put on a display of sparing. This event featured the leading boxers Johnson, Mendoza and Lee. This reflected a Regency fashion for gentlemen training in pugilistic skills with leading exponents of the sport. The most famous adopter being Lord Byron.

The newspapers of 1797 carried complaints that one Sunday bare-knuckled local bruisers, stripped to the waist, had slugged it out on Lansdown, urged on by "horrid imprecations" from the assembled crowd.

In Bath in 1797, London boxing promoters decided to hold a match they had arranged between Tom Jones and the Bristol boxer George Nicholls on Lansdown. The two fighters stripped for the contest when Nicholls, noticing that Jones was considerably taller, refused to fight.

George Nicholls had earlier been matched against the Bath Champion boxer Leonard for 5 guineas a side on Lansdown in a programme that also included a match between two well-known men, Spaniard Harris and Bob Cox. The Bath Champion was severely beaten, and his eyes were so swollen that he could not see to go on.

Charles Williams, a Bath locksmith, pummelled his Bristolian opponent to a standstill in an unremitting two-hour "milling" at Newton St Loe in October 1793.

In 1819, the great chronicler of sports and Regency society, Pierce Egan, wrote: "At no great distance from the Race-Ground stands the Blathwayte Arms, close to which the Fair at Lansdown is held annually on August 10. It is a very large fair, and is distinguished for the sale of horses and large quantities of cheese: great numbers of cattle and pigs are also brought here. It is a most convenient spot for the numerous assemblage of persons that arrive from Bristol, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, &c. and it proves quite a jubilee-day for the country people to enjoy the fun with which it abounds. The gingerbread - stalls form a long street; and numerous shows from different parts of England, of every description, to obtain the money from the pockets of the lads and lasses, are not wanting. Lansdown Fair is also notorious for a number of pitched battles which are fought by the pugilistic heroes of Bristol."

There was a match made between Bickens, a Bath man, and Jem Ward, part of a London stable of fighters, for £20 a side and a subscription purse. The battle took place on the racecourse at Lansdown on Friday, July 2, 1823, and Ward won it without a scratch on his face or body.

Horse-racing and boxing often shared locations, and the "Fancy" who financed and bet huge sums on boxing were mostly the same wealthy punters and aristocrats who owned and bred thoroughbred racehorses. These links are particularly manifest in the extraordinary life of John Gully, the most famous boxer connected with the City of Bath.

John Gully was born on August 21 1783, at The Crown Inn, Wick, where his father was the landlord. During Gully's boyhood, the family moved to Bath, where his father became a butcher, and he was brought up to his father's trade. After his father's death, the business gradually declined. An inability to pursue his trade or pay his debts meant that Gully, at the age of twenty-one, became an inmate of the King's Bench prison. He had for some time taken an interest in prizefighting matches, which led in 1805 to his receiving a visit from an acquaintance, Henry Pearce, the 'Bristol Game-Chicken', the champion of England. The two men had a 'set-to' which so impressed the onlookers that a number of prize-fight promoters paid Gully's debts, and took him to Virginia Water, where he was trained for a more serious fight with Pearce. The contest took place at Hailsham in Sussex on October 8 1805, before a huge crowd, among whom was the Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV). He was beaten after fighting fifty-nine rounds, which occupied an hour and ten minutes. However, his performance in this contest greatly enhanced his reputation. The reason for this can be seen in Pierce Egan's description of the last few rounds: "Thirty-seventh to forty-third.—In the last six rounds the Chicken displayed a manifest superiority: their figures were bloody in the extreme; but Gulley was literally covered from the torrents which flowed down from his ear, and who now began to appear somewhat shy—his head was truly terrific, and had a giant-like appearance, from being so terribly swelled, and the effect was most singular, for scarcely could his eyes be seen.Forty-fourth.—The Chicken, with considerable science and force, planted his favourite hit in Gulley's throat, when he fell like a log of wood. The fortitude that Gulley had displayed in this most trying conflict had raised him considerably, not only in the estimation of his friends but of sporting men in general. He had been so severely punished that he was not able to face his man with his former resolution and propriety— his brave heart was reluctant to acknowledge superiority, and he endeavoured now and then to put in a hit, and falling until the fifty-ninth.—When his friends interfered and positively insisted that he should fight no longer, as the chance was against him; and, at length, he complied …."

Ill health forced the 'Bristol Game-Chicken' to retire in December 1805, and Gully was regarded as his legitimate successor, although he was never formally nominated champion. 

No challenger for his title came forward for two years. He was then matched against Bob Gregson, the Lancashire Giant, for 200 guineas a side. His opponent was measured at 6 feet 2 inches in height and was famously strong, while Gully himself was 6 feet tall. The fight took place on October 14 1807, at Six Mile Bottom, on the Newmarket racecourse. This encounter was remarkable for its brutality. Both men fought to near exhaustion, but in the thirty-sixth round, Gully landed a blow with such force to Gregson's face that it ended the fight. Captain Barclay, a prominent member of the fancy, took the winner off the ground in his carriage, and the next day drove him in triumph onto the Newmarket racecourse. 

Gregson, not being satisfied, again challenged his opponent. This match, which was for £250 a side, took place in Sir John Sebright's Park in Hertfordshire, on May 10 1808. This contest was watched by nearly a hundred noblemen and gentlemen on horseback and in carriages, and a crowd of more modest people that was so great that it caused a rumour that the French army had landed. The two men fought in white breeches and silk stockings, without shoes. After the twenty-seventh rounds of a match which lasted an hour and a quarter Gregson was too exhausted to continue. Pierce Egan summarised the contest as follows. 'Gregson's strength was manifest to his opponent, who endeavoured to ward off its potent effects by his thorough knowledge of the science, and Gulley put in another dreadful facer, which made the claret fly in all directions, when Gregson fell. '

Gully earned large sums of money from boxing, through prizes, purses given by grateful punters and side bets, and now began to think of investing in a different future.

In June 1808, with fellow boxing champion Tom Cribb, Gully took a lease on a Tennis Court in London and formally retired from the ring. He also became proprietor of The Plough Inn, 23 Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London. 

He also decided to take his interest in gambling into the world of horse racing.

In 1812, he bought his first horse, Cardenio, and around this time moved his residence to Newmarket, the centre of racing and home of the all-powerful Jockey Club.

In 1827, he gave Lord Jersey 4000 guineas for his Epsom Derby winner Mameluke. He backed his purchase for the St Leger that year, but James Robinson on Matilda took the race, and Gully lost £40,000. 

In 1830, he formed a racing partnership with Robert Ridsdale, another wealthy race horse breeder and gambler. The partnership prospered, and in 1832, they won the Derby with St Giles, and Gully took the St Leger with Margrave, making £50,000 on the former and £35,000 on the latter race. However, having fallen out with Ridsale in the hunting field, he horsewhipped him, which led to his having to pay £500 damages for assault. In partnership with John Day a racehorse trainer, Gully won the Two Thousand Guineas in 1844 with Ugly Buck, and in 1846 he took both the Derby and the Oaks (with Pyrrhus the First and Mendicant), an event previously accomplished only once, when Sir Charles Bunbury's Eleanor carried off both prizes in 1801. 

Gully was again the winner of the Two Thousand Guineas with Hermit in 1854, and in the same year, he won the Derby with Andover, having the bookmaker Henry Padwick for his partner in the latter horse. 

During this period, Gully, as a racehorse owner and gambler, purchased Upper Hare Park, near Newmarket, from Lord Rivers, but he subsequently sold it to Sir Mark Wood. He then bought Ackworth Park, near Pontefract, Yorkshire, becoming MP for that pocket borough from December 10, 1832, to July 17, 1837. Politically, he described himself as a reformer, supporting the ballot and shorter parliaments. 

As an MP and having amassed a considerable fortune from his racing interests, he acquired a degree of respectability and in 1836 was presented at court. He married twice and had twelve children with each wife. Having sold Ackworth Park, Gully took up residence at Marwell Hall, near Winchester. He began investing in coal extraction, purchasing shares in the new Hetton colliery. He was also involved in setting up the Thornley collieries and took a share in the Trindon collieries. In 1862, he became the sole proprietor of the Wingate Grange estate and collieries. By this time, he had moved to Cocken Hall, near Durham. 

Gully died at Durham on March 9 1863, aged 79. His body was returned to Ackworth, where he was interred with his daughter. Lord Lennox summed up Gully's character as follows:
'His unpromising deportment, his great common sense, and his absence of false shame when it came to his career, fairly earned him that respect which I, and I believe many others, retained for him. The memory of John Gully will be cherished by all Englishmen who can appreciate manly courage.' 

1. Fawcett - Bath Entertained

Balls and Ordinaries for the Bath Race-goers of 1817

In the press, following the race meeting of 1817, it was reported that:

"The ordinaries were well attended; on Wednesday at York House and at the White Hart on Thursday".

Ordinaries were fixed-price menus laid on for the race-goers. The York House Hotel was on George Street. The building still exists and is still, in part, a hotel. In its heyday, it was one of the country's premier coaching inns.

The White Hart was another huge coaching inn near the Pump Room on Stall Street.

It was further reported that:

"The Ball at the Kingston Rooms on Thursday evening was more numerously attended than any other similar occasion since the first year of the revival of these races."

Racing had restarted in 1811 following a hiatus driven by the financial collapse of 1793, when a fall in property values had driven many businesses and banks into bankruptcy and concerns over the likely outcome of the continental wars.

The Kinston Rooms were the original Lower Rooms situated on the parades. The site is now known as Bog Island. Their name at this time was based on their being part of the estate of the Dukes of Kingston, which had been inherited by Charles Medows, who changed his name to Pierrepont in 1796. In 1806, he was created the first Earl Manvers.

Racing tragedy

Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette - Thursday 14 July 1825

"At the late Lancaster Races, Sir P Musgrave's colt, on pulling up after the third heat for £50 on Tuesday, was found to be a dreadful state, the near hind-foot from the fetlock joint

hanging on merely by a little skin in the front, and the pastern bone and small pastern joint shivered to atoms. The rider found little failure in action about half a mile from home, but the extent of the fracture was not perceptible until he was in the act of pulling up, when within half a neck. The poor animal was immediately put out of his misery."

Sir P Musgrave was Sir Philip Musgrave MP. The Musgraves had been established in Cumberland since the thirteenth century. Latterly, this Member’s grandfather, Sir Philip Musgrave, known as "Mussy," had sat as MP for Westmorland. Philip Musgrave stood for election first at Carlisle in March 1816, where he was described as the ‘young fox hunting baronet’ known for being a devotee of the turf and was attacked as an interloper. [1]

1. http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1820-1832/member/musgrave-sir-philip-1794-1827